{"id":3252,"date":"2022-07-17T19:27:19","date_gmt":"2022-07-17T11:27:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wilback.com\/?p=3252"},"modified":"2022-12-25T16:08:13","modified_gmt":"2022-12-25T08:08:13","slug":"anatomy-and-physiology-2e-01-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wilback.com\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e-01-01\/","title":{"rendered":"\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u6982\u8ad6\uff5c\u7b2c1\u7ae0 \u4eba\u9ad4\u6982\u8ad6 1.1\u300a\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u8207\u751f\u7406\u5b78 2e\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"is-style-icon_pen\">\u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7531<strong><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-02-color\">\u591c\u9ece<\/span><\/strong>\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u6b21\u66f4\u65b0\u65bc<strong><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-03-color\">2022\u5e7407\u670817\u65e5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"swell-block-balloon\"><div class=\"c-balloon -bln-left\" data-col=\"blue\"><div class=\"c-balloon__icon -circle\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wilback.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u771f\u4eba\u85dd\u7d20\u7167-tiny.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"c-balloon__iconImg\" width=\"80px\" height=\"80px\"><span class=\"c-balloon__iconName\">\u591c\u9ece<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-balloon__body -speaking -border-none\"><div class=\"c-balloon__text\">\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u7ae0\u5167\u5bb9\u57fa\u65bc\u840a\u65af\u5927\u5b78 OpenStax \u7684 <em><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-01-color\"><strong>Anatomy and Physiology 2e<\/strong><\/span><\/em>\uff0c\u7531<strong><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-02-color\">\u591c\u9ece<\/span><\/strong>\u91cd\u65b0\u7de8\u8f2f\u3002\uff08\u6839\u64da<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e\/pages\/preface\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e\/pages\/preface\" target=\"_blank\">\u672c\u66f8\u524d\u8a00<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u5275\u7528 CC BY 4.0 \u8072\u660e<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n<span class=\"c-balloon__shapes\"><span class=\"c-balloon__before\"><\/span><span class=\"c-balloon__after\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-bg_grid\"><strong>\u539f\u6587\u50b3\u9001\u9580\uff1a<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e\/pages\/1-1-overview-of-anatomy-and-physiology\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e\/pages\/1-1-overview-of-anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&lt;1&gt; An Introduction to the Human Body &#8212; 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology<\/a><br><strong>\u7d22\u5f15\u50b3\u9001\u9580\uff1a<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/wilback.com\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/wilback.com\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e\/\">\u300a\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b782e\u300b\u7d22\u5f15\u9801\u9762<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"swell-block-capbox cap_box\" data-colset=\"col2\"><div class=\"cap_box_ttl\"><span>\u7ae0\u7bc0\u76ee\u6a19<\/span><\/div><div class=\"cap_box_content\">\n<p>\u5b78\u7fd2\u672c\u7ae0\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f60\u5c07\u80fd\u5920\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u6bd4\u8f03\u548c\u5c0d\u6bd4\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8a0e\u8ad6\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95dc\u4fc2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"swl-marker mark_yellow\">\u4eba\u9ad4\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u662f\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u7d50\u69cb\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u986f\u5fae\u93e1\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u4e0b\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u770b\u5230\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u6e2c\u91cf\u548c\u7a31\u91cd\u3002 \u300c\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u4f86\u81ea\u5e0c\u81d8\u8a9e\u8a5e\u6839\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u53bb\u5207\u5272<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014to cut apart\u3015<\/small>\u300d\u3002\u4eba\u9ad4\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u6700\u521d\u662f\u901a\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u548c\u89c0\u5bdf\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u50b7\u53e3\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u50b7\u5bb3\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u91ab\u751f\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u89e3\u5256\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<span class=\"swl-marker mark_yellow\">\u7576\u89e3\u5256\u4e00\u500b\u8eab\u9ad4\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u88ab\u5207\u958b\uff0c\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5c6c\u6027\u548c\u5b83\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/span>\u89e3\u5256<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014Dissection\u3015<\/small>\u4ecd\u88ab\u7528\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u3001\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u8ab2\u7a0b\u548c\u75c5\u7406\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c<span class=\"swl-marker mark_yellow\">\u70ba\u4e86\u89c0\u5bdf\u6d3b\u4eba\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u767c\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u6210\u50cf\u6280\u8853<\/span>\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6280\u8853\u4f7f\u81e8\u5e8a\u91ab\u751f\u80fd\u5920\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u6d3b\u9ad4\u5167\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u764c\u6027\u816b\u7624\u6216\u9aa8\u6298\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>\u50cf\u5927\u591a\u6578\u79d1\u5b78\u5b78\u79d1\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u4e5f\u6709\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u3002 <strong><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-01-color\">\u5927\u9ad4\u89e3\u5256\u5b78<\/span><\/strong><small class=\"mininote\">\u3014Gross anatomy\u3015<\/small><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-01-color\">\u662f\u5c0d\u8eab\u9ad4\u8f03\u5927\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7d50\u69cb\u7121\u9700\u653e\u5927\u8f14\u52a9\u5373\u53ef\u898b\u5230<\/span>\uff08\u5716 1.2 a\uff09\u3002 Macro-\u610f\u5473\u8457\u300c\u5927\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5927\u9ad4\u89e3\u5256\u4e5f\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u5b8f\u89c0\u89e3\u5256<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014macroscopic anatomy\u3015<\/small>\u3002 \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cmicro-\u610f\u5473\u8457\u300c\u5c0f\u300d\uff0c\u800c<strong><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-02-color\">\u986f\u5fae\u89e3\u5256\u5b78<\/span><\/strong><small class=\"mininote\">\u3014microscopic anatomy\u3015<\/small><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-02-color\">\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u986f\u5fae\u93e1\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u653e\u5927\u8a2d\u5099\u624d\u80fd\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u7d50\u69cb<\/span>\uff08\u5716 1.2 b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u986f\u5fae\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u5305\u62ec\u7d30\u80de\u5b78<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014cytology\u3015<\/small>\u3001\u7d30\u80de\u7814\u7a76<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014the study of cells\u3015<\/small>\u548c\u7d44\u7e54\u5b78<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014histology\u3015<\/small>\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u7814\u7a76<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014the study of tissues\u3015<\/small>\u3002 \u96a8\u8457\u986f\u5fae\u93e1\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u5bb6\u5df2\u7d93\u80fd\u5920\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5c0f\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u5f9e\u5fc3\u81df\u7b49\u5927\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u5207\u7247<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014slices\u3015<\/small>\uff0c\u5230\u9ad4\u5167\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4e09\u7dad\u7d50\u69cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"619\" height=\"263\" src=\"https:\/\/wilback.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e-01-01.1web.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3322\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u5716 1.2 \u5927\u9ad4\u548c\u986f\u5fae\u89e3\u5256<\/strong> (a) \u5927\u9ad4\u89e3\u5256\u8003\u616e\u5927\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5927\u8166\u3002 <br>(b) \u986f\u5fae\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u8655\u7406\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4f46\u898f\u6a21\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u5927\u8166\u795e\u7d93\u7d30\u80de\u7684\u986f\u5fae\u7167\u7247\u3002 LM \u00d7 1600\u3002<br>(credit a: \u201cWriterHound\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u5bb6\u63a1\u7528\u5169\u7a2e\u4e00\u822c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u8eab\u9ad4\u7d50\u69cb\uff1a\u5340\u57df\u6027\u548c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u3002 <strong><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-01-color\">\u5340\u57df\u89e3\u5256\u5b78<\/span><\/strong><small class=\"mininote\">\u3014Regional anatomy\u3015<\/small><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-01-color\">\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7279\u5b9a\u8eab\u9ad4\u5340\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8179\u90e8\uff09<span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-01-color\">\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/span> \u7814\u7a76\u5340\u57df\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u4e86\u89e3\u8eab\u9ad4\u7d50\u69cb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u808c\u8089\u3001\u795e\u7d93\u3001\u8840\u7ba1\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7d50\u69cb\u5982\u4f55\u5354\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u5340\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c<strong><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-02-color\">\u7cfb\u7d71\u89e3\u5256\u5b78<\/span><\/strong><small class=\"mininote\">\u3014systemic anatomy\u3015<\/small><span class=\"swl-inline-color has-swl-deep-02-color\">\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u69cb\u6210\u96e2\u6563\u8eab\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u7d50\u69cb &#8211; \u5373\u4e00\u7d44\u5171\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u57f7\u884c\u7368\u7279\u8eab\u9ad4\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002<\/span> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u808c\u8089\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c07\u8003\u616e\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9aa8\u9abc\u808c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"swl-marker mark_yellow\">\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/span> \u4eba\u9ad4\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u5c0d\u8eab\u9ad4\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5011\u5354\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u751f\u547d\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u3002 \u751f\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u300c\u8eab\u9ad4\u8da8\u5411\u65bc\u9ad4\u5167\u5e73\u8861\uff5b\u7a69\u614b\uff5d<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014homeostasis\u3015<\/small>\u300d\u4e0a\u3002 \u9ad4\u5167\u5e73\u8861\u662f\u7531\u751f\u7269\u7dad\u6301\u7684\u7a69\u5b9a\u5167\u90e8\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7576\u7136\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u8089\u773c\u548c\u986f\u5fae\u93e1\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u6e2c\u91cf\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u901a\u5e38\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5be6\u9a57\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u69cb\u6210\u4eba\u9ad4\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>\u50cf\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5206\u652f\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u795e\u7d93\u751f\u7406\u5b78<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014neurophysiology\u3015<\/small>\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u8166\u3001\u810a\u9ad3\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u5354\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u57f7\u884c\u8996\u89ba\u3001\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u601d\u7dad\u7b49\u8907\u96dc\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002 \u751f\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u5de5\u4f5c\u65bc\u5668\u5b98\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u5927\u8166\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff09\u5230\u5206\u5b50\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u96fb\u5316\u5b78\u4fe1\u865f<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014electrochemical signal\u3015<\/small>\u5982\u4f55\u6cbf\u8457\u795e\u7d93\u50b3\u64ad\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"swl-marker mark_yellow\">\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f<small class=\"mininote\">\u3014Form\u3015<\/small>\u300d\u8207\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\u3002<\/span> 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