{"id":6074,"date":"2023-09-05T08:10:47","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T00:10:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wilback.com\/?p=6074"},"modified":"2023-09-23T08:16:50","modified_gmt":"2023-09-23T00:16:50","slug":"anatomy-and-physiology-2e-02-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wilback.com\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e-02-02\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5316\u5b78\u9375\uff5c\u7b2c2\u7ae0 \u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u6c34\u5e73 2.2\u300a\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u8207\u751f\u7406\u5b78 2e\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7531\u591c\u9ece<\/span><\/strong>\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u6b21\u66f4\u65b0\u65bc2023\u5e749\u67085\u65e5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n \u672c\u6587\u7ae0\u5167\u5bb9\u57fa\u65bc\u840a\u65af\u5927\u5b78 OpenStax \u7684 Anatomy and Physiology 2e<\/strong><\/span><\/em>\uff0c\u7531\u591c\u9ece<\/span><\/strong>\u91cd\u65b0\u7de8\u8f2f\u3002\uff08\u6839\u64da\u672c\u66f8\u524d\u8a00<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u5275\u7528 CC BY 4.0 \u8072\u660e<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n \u539f\u6587\u50b3\u9001\u9580\uff1a<\/strong><2> The Chemical Level of Organization \u2014 2.2 Chemical Bonds<\/a> \u5b78\u7fd2\u672c\u7ae0\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f60\u5c07\u80fd\u5920\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5169\u500b\u76f8\u9694\u5f88\u9060\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u7121\u6cd5\u9023\u63a5 \uff1b \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u8db3\u5920\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u50f9\u6bbc\u5c64\u4e2d\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u771f\u7684\u6703\u76f8\u4e92\u63a5\u89f8\u55ce\uff1f \u5927\u591a\u6578\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6703\u8aaa\u4e0d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u50f9\u6bbc\u5c64\u4e2d\u5e36\u8ca0\u96fb\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u6703\u76f8\u4e92\u6392\u65a5\u3002 \u4eba\u9ad4\u5167\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u529b\u91cf\u90fd\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u9019\u7a2e\u96fb\u6392\u65a5\u529b\u3002 \u6240\u4ee5\u7576\u4f60\u8b80\u5230\u539f\u5b50\u9023\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u6216\u78b0\u649e\u6642\uff0c\u8acb\u8a18\u4f4f\u539f\u5b50\u5728\u7269\u7406\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5408\u4f75\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u901a\u904e\u5f62\u6210\u5316\u5b78\u9375\u4f86\u9023\u63a5\u3002 \u9375<\/strong>\u3014bond\u3015<\/small>\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f31\u6216\u5f37\u7684\u96fb\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u5c07\u539f\u5b50\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u9644\u8fd1\u3002 \u65b0\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u5176\u7d44\u6210\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u958b\u6642\u66f4\u7a69\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u6b21\u767c\u751f\u53cd\u61c9\u3002 \u901a\u904e\u5316\u5b78\u9375\u7d50\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u5169\u500b\u6216\u591a\u500b\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u5176\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u7a31\u70ba\u5206\u5b50<\/strong>\u3014molecule\u3015<\/small>\u3002 \u9375\u5408\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5982 H2 \u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u5206\u5b50\u6c2b\u3014molecular hydrogen\u3015<\/small>\u6216\u6c2b\u6c23\u3014hydrogen gas\u3015<\/small>\u3002 \u7576\u4e00\u500b\u5206\u5b50\u7531\u5169\u500b\u6216\u591a\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u7d44\u6210\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u5316\u5408\u7269<\/strong>\u3014chemical compound\u3015<\/small>\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6c34\u55ae\u5143\u6216 H2O \u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5316\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6c23\u9ad4\u7532\u70f7\u3014gas methane\u3015<\/small>\u6216 CH4 \u7684\u55ae\u500b\u5206\u5b50\u4e00\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728\u4eba\u9ad4\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u9375\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u628a\u7269\u8cea\u7d50\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7269\u8cea\u88ab\u8eab\u9ad4\u7528\u65bc\u9ad4\u5167\u5e73\u8861\u3001\u4fe1\u865f\u50b3\u5c0e\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u7522\u751f\u3008\u50c5\u8209\u5e7e\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3009\u7b49\u95dc\u9375\u65b9\u9762\u3002 <\/span>\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u96e2\u5b50\u9375<\/strong>\u3014ionic bonds\u3015<\/small>\u3001\u5171\u50f9\u9375<\/strong>\u3014covalent bonds\u3015<\/small>\u548c\u6c2b\u9375<\/strong>\u3014hydrogen bonds\u3015<\/small>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u56de\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u5b50\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u5e36\u6b63\u96fb\u7684\u8cea\u5b50\u548c\u5e36\u8ca0\u96fb\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u3002 \u53ea\u8981\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u96fb\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u5b50\u53c3\u8207\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u6350\u8d08\u6216\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u500b\u6216\u591a\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u8a72\u539f\u5b50\u5c31\u6703\u5e36\u6b63\u96fb\u6216\u5e36\u8ca0\u96fb\u3002<\/span> \u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u50f9\u6bbc\u5c64\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u539f\u5b50\u7d93\u5e38\u767c\u751f\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002 \u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u751f\u5728\u901a\u904e\u7372\u5f97\u96fb\u5b50\u4f86\u586b\u5145\u8d85\u904e\u534a\u6eff\u7684\u6bbc\u5c64\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u901a\u904e\u653e\u68c4\u96fb\u5b50\u4f86\u6e05\u7a7a\u4e0d\u5230\u534a\u6eff\u7684\u6bbc\u5c64\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u4f7f\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u6bbc\u5c64\u6210\u70ba\u65b0\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u50f9\u6bbc\u5c64\u3002 \u5e36\u96fb\u8377\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6b63\u96fb\u8377\u9084\u662f\u8ca0\u96fb\u8377\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u662f\u96e2\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9240<\/strong>\u3014potassium\u3015<\/small>(K) \u662f\u6240\u6709\u8eab\u9ad4\u7d30\u80de\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u5e8f\u662f 19\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u50f9\u6bbc\u5c64\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u3002 \u9019\u4e00\u7279\u6027\u4f7f\u9240\u6975\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53c3\u8207\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u5b83\u6350\u8d08\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u3002 \uff08\u5c0d\u65bc\u9240\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6350\u8d08\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u6bd4\u7372\u5f97\u4e03\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u8981\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\uff09 \u640d\u5931\u5c07\u5c0e\u81f4\u9240\u8cea\u5b50\u7684\u6b63\u96fb\u8377\u6bd4\u9240\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u8ca0\u96fb\u8377\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u66f4\u5927\u3002 \u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u9240\u96e2\u5b50\u5c07\u7565\u5e36\u6b63\u96fb\u3002 \u9240\u96e2\u5b50\u5beb\u6210 K+\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5b83\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u3002 \u5e36\u6b63\u96fb\u7684\u96e2\u5b50\u7a31\u70ba\u967d\u96e2\u5b50<\/strong>\u3014cation\u3015<\/small>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u73fe\u5728\u8003\u616e\u6c1f<\/strong>\u3014fluorine\u3015<\/small>(F)\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u9aa8\u9abc\u548c\u7259\u9f52\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u5e8f\u662f9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5b83\u7684\u50f9\u6bbc\u5c64\u6709\u4e03\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c1f\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u5b50\u9375\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u6c1f\u7372\u5f97\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u6bd4\u6350\u8d08\u4e03\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\uff09\u3002 \u7576\u5b83\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u5c07\u6bd4\u5b83\u7684\u8cea\u5b50\u591a\u4e00\u500b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5b83\u5c07\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6574\u9ad4\u8ca0\u96fb\u8377\u3002 \u6c1f\u7684\u96e2\u5b50\u5f62\u5f0f\u7a31\u70ba\u6c1f\u5316\u7269\u3014fluoride\u3015<\/small>\uff0c\u5beb\u4f5c F-\u3002 \u5e36\u8ca0\u96fb\u7684\u96e2\u5b50\u7a31\u70ba\u9670\u96e2\u5b50<\/strong>\u3014anion\u3015<\/small>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u6709\u591a\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u6350\u8d08\u6216\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u5c07\u6703\u5e36\u4e0a\u66f4\u5f37\u7684\u6b63\u96fb\u8377\u6216\u8ca0\u96fb\u8377\u3002 \u6350\u8d08\u5169\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u967d\u96e2\u5b50\u7684\u6de8\u96fb\u8377\u3014net charge\u3015<\/small>\u70ba+2\u3002 \u4ee5\u9382<\/strong>\u3014magnesium\u3015<\/small>(Mg) \u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5beb\u4f5c Mg++ \u6216 Mg2+\u3002 \u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u9670\u96e2\u5b50\u7684\u6de8\u96fb\u8377\u70ba \u20132\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u96e2\u5b50\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7852<\/strong>\u3014selenium\u3015<\/small>(Se)\u901a\u5e38\u5beb\u4f5c Se2-\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u967d\u96e2\u5b50\u548c\u9670\u96e2\u5b50\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u96fb\u8377\u65bd\u52a0\u9069\u5ea6\u5f37\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u539f\u5b50\u4fdd\u6301\u7dca\u5bc6\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u96e2\u5b50\u9375<\/strong><\/span>\u3014ionic bond\u3015\u3002 \u96e2\u5b50\u9375\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u96fb\u8377\u96e2\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u7dca\u5bc6\u7d50\u5408\u3002 \u4f60\u6492\u5728\u98df\u7269\u4e0a\u7684\u98df\u9e7d\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u96e2\u5b50\u9375\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002 \u5982\u5716 2.8 \u6240\u793a\uff0c\u9209\u3014sodium\u3015<\/small>\u901a\u5e38\u7d66\u6c2f\u3014chlorine\u3015<\/small>\u6350\u8d08\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u967d\u96e2\u5b50 Na+\u3002 \u7576\u6c2f\u63a5\u53d7\u96fb\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u8b8a\u6210\u6c2f\u9670\u96e2\u5b50\uff0cCl-\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u96fb\u8377\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u96e2\u5b50\u5f37\u70c8\u5730\u76f8\u4e92\u5438\u5f15\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7d22\u5f15\u50b3\u9001\u9580\uff1a<\/strong>\u300a\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b782e\u300b\u7d22\u5f15\u9801\u9762<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\u524d\u8a00<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u96e2\u5b50\u548c\u96e2\u5b50\u9375\u3014Ions and Ionic Bonds\u3015<\/small><\/h2>\n\n\n\n