{"id":6100,"date":"2023-09-05T15:52:34","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T07:52:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wilback.com\/?p=6100"},"modified":"2023-09-23T08:16:19","modified_gmt":"2023-09-23T00:16:19","slug":"anatomy-and-physiology-2e-02-03","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wilback.com\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e-02-03\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\uff5c\u7b2c2\u7ae0 \u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u6c34\u5e73 2.3\u300a\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u8207\u751f\u7406\u5b78 2e\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7531\u591c\u9ece<\/span><\/strong>\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u6b21\u66f4\u65b0\u65bc2023\u5e749\u67085\u65e5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n \u672c\u6587\u7ae0\u5167\u5bb9\u57fa\u65bc\u840a\u65af\u5927\u5b78 OpenStax \u7684 Anatomy and Physiology 2e<\/strong><\/span><\/em>\uff0c\u7531\u591c\u9ece<\/span><\/strong>\u91cd\u65b0\u7de8\u8f2f\u3002\uff08\u6839\u64da\u672c\u66f8\u524d\u8a00<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u5275\u7528 CC BY 4.0 \u8072\u660e<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n \u539f\u6587\u50b3\u9001\u9580\uff1a<\/strong><2> The Chemical Level of Organization \u2014 2.3 Chemical Reactions<\/a> \u5b78\u7fd2\u672c\u7ae0\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f60\u5c07\u80fd\u5920\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u751f\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u65b0\u9673\u4ee3\u8b1d\u3014metabolism\u3015<\/small>\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7dad\u6301\u751f\u7269\u9ad4\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u7e3d\u548c\u3002 \u5230\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u4f60\u6240\u5b78\u5230\u7684\u9375\u5408\u904e\u7a0b\u662f\u5408\u6210\u4ee3\u8b1d\u3014anabolic\u3015<\/small>\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\uff1b \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7531\u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u539f\u5b50\u5f62\u6210\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u3002 \u4f46\u8acb\u8a18\u4f4f\uff0c\u65b0\u9673\u4ee3\u8b1d\u53ef\u4ee5\u671d\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u65b9\u5411\u9032\u884c\uff1a\u5728\u5206\u89e3\u4ee3\u8b1d\u3014catabolic\u3015<\/small>\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f03\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u6210\u5206\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9375\u65b7\u88c2\uff0c\u91cb\u653e\u51fa\u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u539f\u5b50\u3002 \u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u4e0d\u50c5\u6d89\u53ca\u7269\u8cea\u4ea4\u63db\uff0c\u9084\u6d89\u53ca\u80fd\u91cf\u4ea4\u63db\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u9700\u8981\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u4f86\u4f7f\u7269\u8cea\u4ee5\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u6253\u7834\u820a\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u9375\u4e26\u5f62\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u9375\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u52d5\u80fd<\/strong>\u3014kinetic energy\u3015<\/small>\u662f\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u985e\u578b\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u7269\u8cea\u63d0\u4f9b\u52d5\u529b\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>\u3002 \u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u4e0b\u4f60 \u6b63\u5728\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5835\u78da\u7246\u3002 \u5c07\u4e00\u584a\u78da\u8209\u8d77\u4f86\u4e26\u5c07\u5176\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u584a\u78da\u4e0a\u6240\u9700\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5c31\u662f\u52d5\u80fd\u2014\u2014\u7269\u8cea\u56e0\u5176\u904b\u52d5\u800c\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002 \u4e00\u65e6\u7246\u5c31\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6703\u5132\u5b58\u52e2\u80fd\u3002 \u4f4d\u80fd<\/strong>\uff08\u52e2\u80fd\uff09\u3014potential energy\u3015<\/small>\u662f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u7531\u65bc\u5176\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6216\u7d50\u69cb\u800c\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u80fd\u91cf<\/span>\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u78da\u7246\u5012\u584c\uff0c\u5132\u5b58\u7684\u4f4d\u80fd\u6703\u96a8\u8457\u78da\u584a\u4e0b\u843d\u800c\u4ee5\u52d5\u80fd\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u91cb\u653e\u51fa\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728\u4eba\u9ad4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f4d\u80fd\u5132\u5b58\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9375\u4e2d\u3002 \u5316\u5b78\u80fd<\/strong>\u3014chemical energy\u3015<\/small>\u662f\u4f4d\u80fd\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u80fd\u91cf\u5b58\u5132\u5728\u5316\u5b78\u9375\u4e2d\u3002 <\/span>\u7576\u9019\u4e9b\u9375\u5f62\u6210\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u6295\u5165\u5316\u5b78\u80fd\uff1b\u7576\u5b83\u5011\u65b7\u88c2\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u91cb\u653e\u5316\u5b78\u80fd\u3002 \u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5316\u5b78\u80fd\u8207\u6240\u6709\u80fd\u91cf\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u5275\u9020\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u7834\u58de\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u5f9e\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u8f49\u63db\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u7576\u4f60\u51fa\u9580\u9060\u8db3\u4e4b\u524d\u5403\u80fd\u91cf\u68d2\u6642\uff0c\u80fd\u91cf\u68d2\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u7684\u8702\u871c\u3001\u5805\u679c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u98df\u7269\u6703\u88ab\u4f60\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u5206\u89e3\u4e26\u91cd\u65b0\u6392\u5217\u6210\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u808c\u8089\u7d30\u80de\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u5206\u5b50\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u52d5\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u91cb\u653e\u80fd\u91cf\u591a\u65bc\u5438\u6536\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u653e\u80fd<\/strong>\u3014exergonic\u3015<\/small><\/span>\u3002 \u80fd\u91cf\u68d2\u4e2d\u98df\u7269\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u4ee3\u8b1d\u3014catabolism\u3015<\/small>\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002 \u80fd\u91cf\u68d2\u4e2d\u5132\u5b58\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5316\u5b78\u80fd\u88ab\u5438\u6536\u5230\u8eab\u9ad4\u7528\u4f5c\u71c3\u6599\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u6703\u88ab\u91cb\u653e\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u71b1\u91cf\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5438\u6536\u80fd\u91cf\u591a\u65bc\u91cb\u653e\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u5438\u80fd<\/strong>\u3014endergonic\u3015<\/small><\/span>\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u53cd\u61c9\u9700\u8981\u80fd\u91cf\u8f38\u5165\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u4e0d\u50c5\u5b58\u5132\u539f\u59cb\u6210\u5206\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u80fd\uff0c\u9084\u5b58\u5132\u4e86\u63a8\u52d5\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\u80fd\u91cf\u65e2\u4e0d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5438\u80fd\u53cd\u61c9\u6240\u9700\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5f9e\u4f55\u800c\u4f86\uff1f \u5728\u8a31\u591a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4f86\u81ea\u653e\u80fd\u53cd\u61c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4f60\u5df2\u7d93\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u5316\u5b78\u80fd\u662f\u901a\u904e\u5316\u5b78\u9375\u5438\u6536\u3001\u5132\u5b58\u548c\u91cb\u653e\u7684\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u5316\u5b78\u80fd\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6a5f\u68b0\u80fd\u3001\u8f3b\u5c04\u80fd\u548c\u96fb\u80fd\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u6240\u6709\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u90fd\u4ee5\u53cd\u61c9\u7269<\/strong>\u3014reactant\u3015<\/small>\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u53cd\u61c9\u7269\u662f\u9032\u5165\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u6216\u591a\u7a2e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u901a\u7528\u8853\u8a9e\u3002<\/span> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9209\u96e2\u5b50\u548c\u6c2f\u96e2\u5b50\u662f\u98df\u9e7d\u751f\u7522\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u7269\u3002 \u7531\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u7522\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u6216\u591a\u7a2e\u7269\u8cea\u7a31\u70ba\u7522\u7269\uff08\u751f\u6210\u7269\uff09\u3014product\u3015<\/small><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u61c9\u7269\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u548c\u6bcf\u7a2e\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6578\u91cf\uff09\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u7522\u7269\u4e2d\u3002 \u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u7522\u7269\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u53cd\u61c9\u7269\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u9075\u5faa\u8cea\u91cf\u5b88\u6046\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u8a72\u5b9a\u5f8b\u898f\u5b9a\u7269\u8cea\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u4e2d\u88ab\u5275\u5efa\u6216\u88ab\u7834\u58de\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u6b63\u5982\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 2 + 7 = 9 \u7b49\u65b9\u7a0b\u8868\u9054\u6578\u5b78\u8a08\u7b97\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5316\u5b78\u65b9\u7a0b\u4f86\u986f\u793a\u53cd\u61c9\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u8b8a\u6210\u7522\u7269\u3002 \u8207\u6578\u5b78\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5316\u5b78\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5f9e\u5de6\u5411\u53f3\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u6216\u591a\u500b\u7bad\u982d\u4f86\u6307\u793a\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u9032\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u7b49\u865f\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6c2e\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u4e09\u500b\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u751f\u6210\u6c28\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u53ef\u5beb\u70ba N + 3H\u2192NH3<\/sub>\u3002 \u76f8\u61c9\u5730\uff0c\u6c28\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u5176\u7d44\u5206\u53ef\u5beb\u70ba NH3<\/sub>\u2192N + 3H\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6c2e (N) \u539f\u5b50\u548c\u4e09\u500b\u6c2b (H) \u539f\u5b50\u9375\u5408\u5f62\u6210\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u5408\u6210\u4ee3\u8b1d\u53cd\u61c9\u3014anabolic reaction\u3015<\/small>\u9700\u8981\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5c07\u80fd\u91cf\u5132\u5b58\u5728\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7684\u9375\u4e2d\u3002 \u6b64\u985e\u53cd\u61c9\u7a31\u70ba\u5408\u6210\u53cd\u61c9<\/strong>\u3014synthesis reactions\u3015<\/small>\u3002 \u5408\u6210\u53cd\u61c9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4ee5\u524d\u5206\u96e2\u7684\u7d44\u5206\u5408\u6210\uff08\u9023\u63a5\uff09<\/span>\uff08\u5716 2.12a\uff09\u3002 \u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u6c2e\u6c23\u548c\u6c2b\u6c23\u662f\u5408\u6210\u53cd\u61c9\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u7269\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u6c28\u4f5c\u70ba\u7522\u7269\u3002 \u5408\u6210\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u662fA + B\u2192AB\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7d22\u5f15\u50b3\u9001\u9580\uff1a<\/strong>\u300a\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b782e\u300b\u7d22\u5f15\u9801\u9762<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\u524d\u8a00<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u80fd\u91cf\u5728\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u6a5f\u80fd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5f62\u5f0f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u7279\u9ede<\/h2>\n\n\n\n